PANAS
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
The PANAS is a brief self-report questionnaire that measures two relatively independent dimensions of mood: positive affect and negative affect. It includes 20 emotion adjectives and estimates the intensity of the pleasant and unpleasant emotions experienced over a reference period defined by the clinician (right now, today, over the past week, in general, etc.). It helps objectify emotional state, monitor mood fluctuations, and complement the assessment of anxiety, depressive, or stress symptoms.
- Number of questions
- 20 questions
- Estimated duration
- 5 minutes
- Language
- English
- Original name
- Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
- Target audience
- Adolescents and adults
- Authors
- David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, Auke Tellegen (1988)
- Category
- Mood disorders
Scoring & interpretation
Each item is rated from 1 to 5 according to the intensity felt. Sum the 10 positive affect items and the 10 negative affect items separately. Each subscore ranges from 10 to 50. A high positive affect score indicates more energy, engagement, and pleasant emotions; a high negative affect score indicates more subjective distress and unpleasant emotions. It is recommended to interpret the two dimensions separately rather than calculating an overall total score.
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